BILLINGS, Mont. (AP) — After a 31-year wait, the U.S. Department of Interior said Tuesday it will not recognize Montana's Little Shell Tribe, a group of landless Indians who have struggled to stay together through more than a century of poverty and dislocation.
The tribe's long campaign for acknowledgment now turns to Congress. Members of Montana's delegation said they would push to circumvent the executive branch decision.
"It kind of hurts, naturally, but it's not the end of the line," said Little Shell elder Roger Salois, 72, after learning of the government's denial.
"It's really hard to describe a feeling like this," Salois added. "You have your community and your place to go. We don't have that. But we're still together, and we're still Little Shell."
Three-Decade Wait Blamed on a Broken Bureaucracy
The three-decade delay in answering the tribe's application was chalked up in part to "departures from precedent" — a reference to the Little Shell's scattered membership and its history of intermarriage with non-Indians and members of other tribes.
Critics, including U.S. Sen. Jon Tester, blamed the delay on the "broken" bureaucracy that oversees Indian recognition requests.
Tester and fellow Montana Democrat Sen. Max Baucus said they introduced legislation Tuesday to override the Interior Department's decision. U.S. Rep. Denny Rehberg, a Republican, earlier introduced a similar measure in the House.
Lineage is Mixed; Identity is Not, They Say
Federal recognition would bring housing grants and other assistance to the tribe's 4,300 members, who are spread across Montana and neighboring states and provinces.
Members of the tribe are candid about their mixed ancestry: Many also call themselves Metis, a Canadian people with European and Native American roots.
But while their lineage is mixed, they say their identity is not.
"They've got their rules, and you've got to fit into the slot. But we know who we are," Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians Chairman John Sinclair said.
Bureau of Indian Affairs Rejecton is 242 Pages
"Why didn't they just tell us 'no' 30 years ago?" Sinclair added.
Nedra Darling of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs said officials had to make their decision based on a strict set of criteria that allowed little flexibility.
"That's what Congress gave us. Those are the regulations they set," she said.
The agency's 242-page rejection decision said the Little Shell had failed to show enough "cohesion" during the early 1900s, after many of the tribe's members had been uprooted and were wandering northern Montana and southern Canada.
Tribe has been Landless and Scattered
Members of the group who ended up in Montana lived primarily in "already existing, largely multiethnic settlements," the decision stated.
"In none of these multiethnic settlements did the petitioner's ancestors constitute a majority or even a significant percentage of the population," it said.
The tribe has not had a place of its own since the late 1860s, when Chief Little Shell and his band were excluded from a federal treaty signed with related tribes.
The decision Tuesday acknowledged 89 percent of the Little Shell can trace their lineage to the Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians.
Influence of Intermarriage is in Tribal Song
Chief Little Shell's descendants were later forced into Canada, where some married into communities of French-Canadian fur trappers. That influence can be seen today in the tribal song, a fiddle jig.
The tribe later migrated back south into Montana, with many settling in an impoverished area of Great Falls known as Hill 57.
Salois and other tribal elders say residents of Hill 57 often scavenged for scrap metal to survive. They were rejected by the white community, even as they had no place on the reservations of established tribes.
Montana Recognizes the Tribe
Members of the tribe also scattered through the remote towns along northern Montana's Hi-Line, a 400 mile stretch following U.S. Highway 2 and the former Great Northern Railway. Despite the geographic hurdle, Salois insisted the tribe's members retain strong connections.
"They might go somewhere, but they're still family. It's the same doggone way," he said. "Just because we're not on a reservation doesn't mean we're not Indians."
The petition rejected Tuesday was filed in 1978 after several earlier attempts fell short.
Nine years ago, Montana formally recognized the Little Shell, allowing it to get grants for tobacco-use prevention and economic development. The tobacco grants were recently suspended because the tribe was not properly accounting for the money.